Introduction to Business Law Cases and Materials

Question: Depict about the Introduction to Business Law for Cases and Materials. Answer: Issue Wendy has gone into what seems, by all accounts, to be a concurrence with Dave endless supply of the run inside an hour he will pay her $3000. Then again she meets her old companion Bill who guarantees her that he will provide food for the cost of running shoes or garments incase she required them . Wendy gets the garments and shoes and partook in the race to complete in a short time. Wendy guarantees her compensations from the two individuals above however her endeavors come to nothing. The issue for assurance that is introduced here is whether there was a goal to make a lawful relationship in the two understandings. Law From the start it ought to be seen that there are two connections here. One is by all accounts a business understanding that is among Dave and Wendy and the other one really a social connection between two companions. As indicated by Carter and Harland (1998) the litmus test for deciding the expectation of the gatherings has consistently been controlled by the counter assumption. In social understandings the assumption is that the gatherings don't generally plan to be legitimately limited by the understanding (Balfor v Balfour 1919). In Jones v Padavatton, (1969) a mother guaranteed her little girl that she will pay her in the event that she surrenders her activity and went to London to read for the bar. It was held that the understanding was a family understanding and consequently there was no aim to be legitimately bound. Of specific centrality is the way that the court, referenced that there was no adequate proof to counter the assumption that an expectation to be lawfully bound didn't exist. It is obvious from prior statements that on the off chance that adequate proof is illustrated to disprove the assumption in family understanding, at that point an aim can be found to exist in a family understanding (Esso Petroleum v Customs Excise, 1976). In business understandings the assumptions that typically exists is that the gatherings expect to be legitimately bound. In Edwards v Skyways Ltd (1964) the respondents had guaranteed that they will make an installment with an ex gratia sum and even went to distribute the guarantee in the paper. The petitioner who was a pilot never got the additional sum that was guaranteed on the grounds that the organization asserted that they had cancelled their choice. It was held that there was no adequate proof to disprove the assumption that the goal to be legitimately bound existed. Note that the court have since built up an advanced methodology towards deciding the expectation of the gatherings which seems, by all accounts, to be smothering the rebuttable assumption test. A progressively powerful methodology has been dug in by Australian law where Gray v Gray (2004) there was an advance understanding between a mother and child the courts were hesitant to apply the rebuttable resumption. They expressed that a target test ought to be applied on a case to case premise depending particle the realities of each case. In Tadrous v Tadrous (2010) it was held that a target assessment ought to be done to decide if the gatherings proposed to be lawfully bound or the understanding was only a declaration of affection and trust. In Ashton v Pratt (2012) the court held that one should take a gander at the topic of understanding , why the understanding was being made and the individual relationship of the gatherings at the hour of settling on the understanding. The courts in previously mentioned three cases completely stayed away from the utilization of rebuttable assumption test in deciding the goal of gatherings in a social understanding. Application It very well may be presented that the connection among Wendy and Bill was a social understanding and in this way by applying the test gave above it will surely be a daunting task for Bill to counter the assumption that that an expectation to be lawfully bound didn't exist. Notwithstanding if the target test that was set in for this situation it will be found that Wendy experienced a great deal of costs to get the pair of shoes and garments and accordingly Bill will undoubtedly meet the understanding. In Wakeling v Ripley (1951) it was held that in deciding the aim of the gatherings thought must be put on cost that was associated with coming to play out the guarantee. It would thus be able to be solidly expressed that the understanding among Wendy and Bill is a coupling one. With respect to the understanding among Wendy and Dave, there is by all accounts no lawful aim in light of the fact that by Wendy expressing that thanks that sounds liberal the attestations are unclear and don't add up to a specific acknowledgment of the offer made by offer. Invalidating the assumption won't be a cumbersome errand as is average of business understandings. End It is in this way encouraged to Dave he doesn't have any legitimate commitments towards Wendy in light of the fact that from the understanding, an expectation to be lawfully bound didn't exist. Then again concerning Bill, it is prompted that the money related penance that Wendy made incepted a goal to be legitimately bound. 2. Issue Dani needed her Mercedes vehicle upholstery to be reestablished to its unique unblemished condition and in the wake of being intrigued by Vintage upholsters that she in the web she chose to give them her vehicle. As opposed to her desire toward the finish of the work the vehicle was in more awful condition than she left it and it was genuinely harm. She has found that there is a proviso in the agreement that barred the upholsters from obligation. The issue here is whether the rejection proviso is substantial and whether there has been any break of terms by the upholsters. Law The general guideline in law is that the contracting parties are limited by the details of the agreement when they marked it whether or not one read and comprehended the conditions of the agreement. (L'Estrange v Graucob, 1934) However where a term in an agreement tries to persecute one gathering in an agreement the gathering is normally shielded by precedent-based law from such unjustifiable terms. It is presented that the prohibition provision or term must be brought to the consideration of the gathering before the agreement was framed or at the time it was being shaped (Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking, 1971). In this manner it hosts been held that a gathering who is looking to uphold an out of line term must exhibit that they gave adequate notification of the term to the next gathering (Thompson v LMS Railway 1930). Moreover, if the activity of the proviso is truly cumbersome to the next gathering, it must be exhibited that extensive advances were embraced to carry the terms to the consideration of the other party (Interfoto Picture Library v Stilletto, 1989). It ought to be borne as a primary concern that where a term in the agreement was distorted by one gathering, the statement will have no lawful impact to the gathering it was distorted to (Curtis v Chemical Cleaning, 1951). From the previously mentioned affirmations, it asks the basic inquiry whether a prohibition provision can legitimize the break of a suggested condition in an agreement. A condition is a major term of the agreement that goes to the foundation of the agreement. An inferred condition is one that isn't explicitly referenced in the agreement however because of the idea of the guarantee made between the contracting parties it is normal that the agreement will be acted with a specific goal in mind (Beale 2004). It has been held that a penetrate of a condition will entitle the guiltless party an honor of harms and furthermore the option to deny the agreement (Poussard v Spiers, 1876). The innominate term approach which was built up in Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha (1962) is such that where a penetrate of the term of the agreement considerably denies the honest party an advantage of the agreement the agreement can be treated as to host finished and the honest gathering can guarantee harms (Benson 2001). Application It tends to be surrendered that the upholsters had made sensible strides in guaranteeing that agreement avoidance statement which is esteemed uncalled for was brought to the consideration of the Dani. The term was obviously placed in each sensible spot that one can see. Anyway it ought to be noticed that on entering the spot Dani read a banner that guaranteed her that the staff were exceptionally qualified and that the final product is show of value work. It very well may be surmised that there was a distortion of terms in the agreement and along these lines the proviso won't be usable. The penetrate of the inferred condition that the work will be one that is satisfactory will entitle Dani an honor for harms for the misfortune and genuine harm that was made on her vehicle. Dani could likewise deny the agreement. End It tends to be reasoned that the upholsters will be subject for this situation and Dani should be given compensatory harms to reestablish her in the position the vehicle was before the harm brought about by the fixes happened. References Ashton v Pratt [2012] NSWSC 3 Beale, H 2004, Chitty on Contracts, Sweet Maxwell Benson, P, 2001, The Theory of Contract Law: New Essays Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Carter J, W, Harland, D, J 1998, Cases and materials on contract law in Australia, Butterworths Curtis v Chemical Cleaning [1951] 1 KB 805 Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349 Esso Petroleum v Customs Excise [1976] 1 WLR 1 Dark v Gray [2004] NSWCA 408 Hong Kong Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962] 2 QB 26 Interfoto Picture Library v Stilletto [1989] QB 433 Jones v Padavatton [1969] 2 All ER 616 L'Estrange v Graucob [1934] 2 KB 394 Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410 Tadrous v Tadrous [2010] NSWSC 1388 Thompson v LMS Railway [1930] 1 KB 41 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking [1971] 2 WLR 585

Summer Of 17th Doll Review Essay -- essays research papers

Year 12 Literature SAC Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll The play â€Å"Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll† is a blend of people’s failure to grow up and let go of dreams, in a run of the mill Australian climate in the nineteen fifties. Beam Lawler centers around showing the characters at long last awakening to their lives and acknowledging they don’t live in â€Å"heaven, â€Å" inside in a basic plot. These strategies permit perusers to interface and comprehend the thwarted expectation endured by these Australian’s in this time. Our setting for â€Å"Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll’ is a Melbourne suburb, Carlton. Australia in the fifties had quite recently started gigantic social and prudent turn of events. During the war Australia had depended on the United States of America for help, which means presently in post war Australia’s principle accomplices had traded from United Kingdom to them. With their help came their impact. Australian’s some-what less difficult, laid back way of life was being adjusted. Another unsteady Australia brimming with vulnerability in social qualities and ethics had developed. â€Å"Summer Of The Seventeenth Doll’ questions the past Australian dream and asks f it can make due in the new nation advancing. Carlton â€Å"a now scruffy yet once in vogue suburb of Melbourne† was a modern, common laborers territory. Our characters wind up in the average workers status. Beam Lawler utilizes a gathering of friend’s, sweethearts, to show the impetuses of progress advancing around Australia at that point. For a long time Roo and Barney had been going down from Queensland for they cutback season. Hanging tight for them were their â€Å"girlfriends† Olive and Nancy. These four characters each speak to a key subject in the play. The capacity to connect them all together and show their charmed world disintegrating around them is the thing that makes the play one of Australia’s best. Roo and Barney are the regular Australian larrikins. They uncommon the portrayal of mate boat and opportunity in Australia are known for. In the play their relationship goes about as one of the main things to fall in their â€Å"paradise.† Roo’s position as head stick shaper was taken by Dowd. Roo discovers his manliness lessened. As most larrikins he can’t acknowledge the reality he isn't truly outstanding. Roo leaves early. To add to the truth of things, we learn Barney’s â€Å"girlfriend† Nancy has gone at got hitched. Their reality starts to fall. It is Nancy’s marriage that assumes a key job in driving the gathering ... ... their reality. With nothing left of their once upbeat world Lawler sets us up for the emotional end. As Roo feels he can not, at this point satisfy his past life her scrambles to construct another one, regardless of whether it just somewhat imitates the bygone one. He accepts by proposing to Olive the two of them will at present have a type of what they had previously, by doing this he shows he realizes what they had is finished and can stay away for the indefinite future, he comprehends that he should grow up. Olive wont permit this to occur. She is as yet sticking to her reality â€Å"you’ve got the chance to return, it’s the main expectation we’ve got.† She endeavors anything to sort it pull out. Emma enters and sees that Olive is gutted; she can’t acknowledge the new reality. With the dismissal from Olive Roo turns into a pulsated unsettled figure. Each character presently realizes they can't remain here, they should all proceed onward for good. Beam Lawler finishes up the play and has communicated the characters the extent that they can go. He made Australia constrained by the interest for freedom of ladies, yet slaughtered by the deterioration of mate transport. Lawler leaves the crowd knowing their fantasy, their reality can't endure the new Australia, and we should all permit it, and us to develop. WORDS: 974

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The James-Lange Theory of Emotion Theories Print The James-Lange Theory of Emotion By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 02, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 10, 2020 More in Theories Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology What causes emotions? What factors control how emotions are experienced? What purpose do emotions serve? Such questions have fascinated psychologists for hundreds of years and a number of different theories have emerged to explain how and why we have emotions. One of the early theories proposed by researchers was known as the James-Lange theory of emotion.?? Proposed independently by psychologist  William James  and physiologist Carl Lange, the  James-Lange theory of emotion  suggested that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. In other words, this theory proposes that people have a physiological response to environmental stimuli and that their interpretation of that physical response then results in an emotional experience.?? Hugo Lin / Verywell How Does the James-Lange Theory Work? According to this theory, witnessing an external stimulus leads to a physiological response. Your emotional reaction depends on how you interpret those physical reactions.?? Example Suppose you are walking in the woods, and you see a grizzly bear. You begin to tremble, and your heart begins to race. The James-Lange theory proposes that you will interpret your physical reactions and conclude that you are frightened (I am trembling. Therefore I am afraid.) William James explained, My thesis, on the contrary, is that the bodily changes follow directly the PERCEPTION of the exciting fact and that our feeling of the same changes as they occur IS the emotion. For another example, imagine that you are walking through a dark parking garage toward your car. You notice a dark figure trailing behind you and your heart begins to race. According to the James-Lange theory, you then interpret your physical reactions to the stimulus as fear. Therefore, you feel frightened and rush to your car as quickly as you can. Both James and Lange believed that while it was possible to imagine experiencing an emotion such as fear or anger, your imagined version of the emotion would be a flat facsimile of the real feeling. Why? Because they felt that without the actual physiological response that they believed precipitated the emotions, it would be impossible to experience these emotions on demand. In other words, the physical reaction needs to be present in order to actually experience real emotion. Why Do We Have Emotions? Impact Prior to the James-Lange theory, the standard line of thought was that people the first reaction to a perception was cognitive. Physical responses then occurred as a reaction to that thought. The James-Lange approach instead suggested that these physiological responses occur first and that they play a major role in the experience of emotion.?? While it might seem like a small distinction in the sequence of events, the theory had an important impact on psychology and the understanding of emotions.    While influential, however, not everyone agreed that physical responses were what led to emotions. The German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt was one of the first to critique the theory. He instead suggested that emotions were a primal, hard-wired sensory response.   It was not long before other researchers challenged this viewpoint and proposed their own theories to explain the emotional experience.?? The  Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, proposed in the 1920s by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard, directly challenged the James-Lange theory. Cannon and Bards theory instead suggests that our physiological reactions, such as crying and trembling, are caused by our emotions.?? While modern researchers largely discount the James-Lange theory, there are some instances where physiological responses do lead to experiencing emotions. Developing a panic disorder and specific phobias are two examples.?? For example, a person may experience a physiological reaction such as becoming ill in public, which then leads to an emotional response such as feeling anxious. If an association is formed between the situation and the emotional state, the individual might begin avoiding anything that might then trigger that particular emotion. Criticisms One major criticism of the theory was that neither James nor Lange based their ideas upon anything that remotely resembled controlled experiments.?? Instead, the theory was largely the result of introspection and correlational research. Both James and Lange did present some clinical findings to support their theory. For example, Lange cited one physicians observations that blood flow to the skull increased when a patient was angry, which he interpreted as supporting his idea that a physical response to a stimuli led to the experience of that emotion. It was the later work of neuroscientists and experimental physiologists who demonstrated further flaws with the James-Lange theory of emotions. For example, researchers found that both animals and humans who had experienced major sensory losses were still capable of experiencing emotions. According to both James and Lange, physiological responses should be necessary to truly experience emotion.?? However, researchers discovered that even those with muscle paralysis and lack of sensation were able to still feel emotions such as joy, fear, and anger.?? Another issue with the theory is that when tested by applying electrical stimulation, applying stimulation to the same site does not lead to the same emotions every time. A person may have the exact same physiological response to a stimulus, yet experience an entirely different emotion. Factors such as the individuals existing mental state, cues in the environment, and the reactions of other people can all play a role in the resulting emotional response. Support While it seems as if the James-Lange theory should be nothing more than something you might study for its historical significance, it maintains its relevance today because researchers continue to find evidence that supports at least some parts of Jamess and Langes original ideas.?? The introduction of new technology allowed psychology to get a better understanding of how the brain and body respond during an emotional reaction. One classic study published in 1990 provided some support for the James-Lange theory, finding that when people were asked to make facial expressions for different emotions, they also displayed slight differences in their psychological reactions such as heart rate and skin temperature.?? Some other evidence in support of the theory: Brain scan studies have revealed that basic emotions elicit distinct patterns of activity in neural networks in the brain.??Studies also suggest that the perception of internal physical states plays a role in how people experience emotions. One study, for example, found that participants who were more sensitive to their bodys physical signals also experienced more negative emotions such as anxiety. A Word From Verywell Emotions make up such a huge part of our lives so it is not surprising that researchers have devoted so much effort toward understanding the how and why behind our emotional responses. The James-Lange theory of emotion represents just one of the earliest theories. While the theories have been criticized and altered considerably over the years, Jamess and Langes ideas continue to exert an influence today. The theory has been modified over time and competing theories of emotion such as the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion and Schacters two-factor theory of emotion have also been introduced. Today, many researchers would instead suggest that rather than our emotions being the result of physical reactions as James and Lange suggested, our emotional experiences are instead modified by both physiological reactions along with other information. Are Emotions Universal?

Ancient Persian Rulers Timeline (Modern Iran)

In ancient history, there were 3 main dynasties that controlled ancient Persia, a western name for the area that is modern Iran: Achaemenids, Parthians, and Sasanids. There was also a period when the Hellenistic Macedonian and Greek successors of Alexander the Great, known as Seleucids, ruled Persia. Early mention of the area is from Assyria c. 835 B.C., when the Medes occupied the Zagros Mountains. The Medes gained control of an area extending from the Zagros Mountains to include Persis, Armenia, and eastern Anatolia. In 612, they captured the Assyrian city of Ninevah. Here are the rulers of ancient Persia, by dynasty, based on Dynasties of the World, by John E. Morby; Oxford University Press, 2002. Achaemenid Dynasty 559-530 - Cyrus the Great529-522 - Cambyses (son)522 - Smerdis (Bardiya) (brother)521-486 - Darius I, the Great485-465 - Xerxes I (son)464-424 - Artaxerxes I, Longimanus (son)424 - Xerxes II (son)424 - Sogdianus (brother)423-405 - Darius II, Nothus (brother)404-359 - Artaxerxes II, Mnemon (son)358-338 - Artaxerxes III (Ochus) (son)337-336 - Artaxerxes IV ( Arses) (son)335-330 - Darius III (Codomannus) (great-grandson of Darius II) Macedonian Conquest of the Persian Empire 330 Seleucids 305-281 B.C. - Seleucus I Nicator281-261 - Antiochus I Soter261-246 - Antiochus II Theos246-225 - Seleucus II Callinicus Parthian Empire - Arsacid Dynasty 247-211 - Arsaces I (conquered Parthia c. 238)211-191 - Arsaces II (son)191-176 - Priapatius (son)176-171 - Phraates I (son)171-138 - Mithridates I (brother)138-128 - Phraates II (son)128-123 - Artabanus I (son of Priapatius)123-87 - Mithridates II, the Great (son)90-80 - Gotarzes I80-77 - Orodes I77-70 - Sinatruces70-57 - Phraates III (son)57-54 - Mithridates III (son)57-38 - Orodes II (brother)38-2 - Phraates IV (son)2-AD 4 - Phraates V (son)4-7 - Orodes III7-12 - Vonones I (son of Phraates IV)12-38 - Artabanus II38-45 - Vardanes I (son)45-51 - Gotarzes II (brother)51 - Vonones II51-78 - Vologases I (son or brother)55-58 - Vardanes II77-80 - Vologases II78-110 - Pacorus (son of Vologases I)80-90 - Artabanus III (brother)109-129 - Osroes112-147 - Vologases III129-147 - Mithridates IV147-191 - Vologases IV191-208 - Vologases V (son)208-222 - Vologases VI (son)213-224 - Artabanus IV (brother) Sasanid Dynasty 224-241 - Ardashir I241-272 - Shapur I (son; co-regent 240)272-273 - Hormizd I (son)273-276 - Bahram I (brother)276-293 - Bahram II (son)293 - Bahram III (son; deposed)293-302 - Narseh (son of Shapur I)302-309 - Hormizd II (son)310-379 - Shapur II (son)379-383 - Ardashir II (nephew)383-388 - Shapur III (son of Shapur II)388-399 - Bahram IV (son)399-420 - Yazdgard I (son)420-438 - Bahram V, the Wild Ass (son)438-457 - Yazdgard II (son)457-459 - Hormizd III (son)459-484 - Peroz I (brother)484-488 - Balash (brother)488-497 - Kavad I (son of Peroz; deposed)497-499 - Zamasp (brother)499-531 - Kavad I (restored)531-579 - Khusrau I, Anushirvan (son)579-590 - Hormizd IV (son; deposed)590-591 - Bahram VI, Chbn (usurper; deposed)590-628 - Khusrau II, the Victorious (son of Hormizd IV; deposed and died 628)628 - Kavad II, Shiroe (son)628-630 - Ardashir III (son)630 - Shahrbaraz (usurper)630-631 - Boran (daughter of Khusrau II)631 - Peroz II (cousin)631-632 - Azarmedukht (daughter of Khusrau II) 632-651 - Yazdgard III (nephew) 651 - Arab Conquest of the Sasanid Empire At the end of the ancient period, war with Heraclius of the Byzantine Empire weakened the Persians enough that the Arabs gained control.

Family and the General Systems Theory - 1379 Words

The word family can be defined in many ways. When I think of the word family, I think of two or more individuals who are sometimes related by blood or through a strong bond of unconditional love, as well as, a shared experience, values, responsibilities, the law, even related through a community. Different families view themselves in different ways. They have different roles, have certain boundaries or rules, communicate and solve problems in a different way, and can adjust to change differently. I will discuss my own family and how I view my family through the lens of the General Systems theory and apply each central property as it contains to my family and how we communicate. There are six significant properties within the General systems theory, wholeness, interdependence, boundaries and openness, hierarchies and subsystems, calibration and feedback, and lastly there is equifinality. I consider family to be two or more people. Everywhere I go I usually look at the family as a cir cle instead of seeing them each as an individual person. I look at a family as a circle because they all are bonded in some sort of way. Wholeness could be thought of as a circle, because a circle can be defined as one whole figure. Many times a family view themselves as one whole figure or wholeness. Wholeness is defined as the way the family view themselves. The family unit has a personality that is shaped by the combination of each members (Turner). No one can truly understand a familyShow MoreRelatedSystems Theory1067 Words   |  5 PagesSYSTEMS THEORY Summary RSP 1 SYSTEMS THEORY Three Distinct but Closely Interrelated Theoretical Legacies ïÆ'Ëœ Information theory: focuses on the reduction of uncertainty which is achieved by the acquisition of information . ïÆ'Ëœ Cybernetics: a science of communication concerned with the transmission and control of information; it examines the communication and manipulation of information in various systems . ïÆ'Ëœ General Systems Theory (GST): interested in systems in general; family systems theory isRead MoreCarl Jung And Alfred Adler1517 Words   |  7 Pagessociety disbanded due to opposing views. Some of their opposing views and beliefs surrounding Freud s Psychodynamic Theory. During the early 1900s, as a result of Freud s clinical experiences with patients, he developed the Psychodynamic theory. He developed the psychodynamic theory in hopes of explaining how a person’s life experiences, dictate their behavior. This theory was not widely accepted among his cohorts. Carl Jung believed, â€Å"the self† via self awareness and self direction determinesRead MoreGeneral Systems Theory And Clinical Practice1546 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Numerous family theories have been adopted for use in clinical practice that help to focus on family centered care. Being familiar with the array of family theories helps the advance practice nurse (APN) to understand different viewpoints of family centered care and incorporate that knowledge into his or her clinical practice. Not one family theory model explains all family phenomena; therefore, being able to know the basics behind the different theories will help one to be a betterRead MoreEssay about Systems Theory1561 Words   |  7 PagesSystems approach is based on the fundamental principle that all aspects of a human problem should be treated together in a rational manner (Healy, 2005). I have divided this essay into relevant sections that cover an overview of systems ideas, general systems theory and ecological systems theory. This assignment will also include Germain and Gittermans life model, and it will be related back to the case study that has been provided. Limitatio ns of systems theory will also be discussed. SystemsRead MoreThe National Association Of Social Workers827 Words   |  4 Pagesjustice. All families should have access to the resources and services they need. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW), created a code of Ethics to use in practice. â€Å"Social Workers advocate for fair and equitable access to public services and benefits. Social workers advocate for equal treatment and protection under the law and challenge injustices, especially injustices that affect the vulnerable and disadvantaged,† (McLaughlin, 2009). The worker involved with the Grape family must advocateRead MoreUnderstanding The Mission And Values Of The Profession Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pageslives and relieving the hardships of the members of a population. Tbe field of social work addresses many problems for the well being of society, including: health care, criminal justice, domestic violence, economic and public policies, child and family welfare, as well as homelessness. Professio nal social workers are trained with the education and tools necessary to address problems from several different perspectives, and the ability to inform people in need of the resources available to help themRead MoreThe General Strain Theory Of Female Delinquency1253 Words   |  6 Pagestheories. A major theory used to explain female delinquency is the general strain theory (GST). According to Bartollas, â€Å"GST explains female delinquency by contending that many females experience harsh discipline, parental rejection, peer abuse, negative secondary school experience, homelessness, and a strong need for money;† these strains can cause females to cope through delinquent behavior (73). The social learning theory also explains female delinquency as â€Å"some females tend to associate withRead MoreSocial Work Can Be Defined As A Broad Profession Essay1660 Words   |  7 Pagesimproving the lives and relieving the hardships of the members of a population. Social work addres ses many problems for the well being of society, including: health care, criminal justice and domestic violence, economic and public policies, child and family welfare, as well as homelessness. Social workers are trained professionals with the education and tools necessary to address problems from several different perspectives, with the intention of helping the masses and not just individuals. Social workersRead MoreFamily Theory1580 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Introduction After reviewing the theories, I have chosen Family System theory to discuss how various factors may impact at different stages in the family lifecycle in a Singapore context. â€Å"Family systems theory grew out of the general systems theory, a conceptual framework developed in the 1960s by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), and family therapists applied these ideas to marriage and family as a system.† (Olson, 2003, p.71). He proposed that a system is characterized by the interactions of itsRead MoreGeneral Strain Theory And Its Effects On Adolescent Delinquency913 Words   |  4 Pages There are many ways in which general strain theory can be implemented in policy. Programs created to reduce delinquency and crime must be focused on the negative emotions, behavior and actions of the individual, and relationships developed through interaction. A family based program is a program that could be implemented. The idea behind a family oriented program would be designed to address family bond and communication between the parents and children. Studies done in the past support the notion

Organization marketing concept Free Essays

Core marketing strategy to achieve objective 4. Reference 1. Corporate objectives and how they lead to marketing objective Mission statement , a long-term view of what the organization wants to be . We will write a custom essay sample on Organization marketing concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marketing objective , a statement of what is to be accomplished through marketing activities . A,Sharon p. 54). Queerly founded in Australia in 1985, hey develop each product using potent blends extracted from the herbs and flowers objective of Curlicue is to proof that nature and science can come together . The company advocates the green, organic, healthy life style rather than a single perfume brand. They believe that nature and science can be beauty . Curlicue has spent over 25 years unearthing potent organic and patronymic ingredients and developing the unique Bio-Intrinsic process to create the purest, most powerful skin care. Now curlicue has became one of the famous skin care brand in the world, especially in Asian area. Curlicue insist to use nature ingredients and never been found to use any of chemicals over 25 years . They got customers’ trust on their product an build the goodwill in the market . 2. Organization marketing concept Obviously Curlicue is following the marketing concept ,production concept and social concept during 25 years. Social concept: For Curlicue, this currently includes working with suppliers when sourcing new packaging materials to ensure that environmental impacts are considered with designing new and/or replacement packaging items and accessories. Curlicue takes into consideration packaging life-cycle during the design process, incorporating sourcing, material type, production processes and potential wastage, void space in packaging, and packaging risibility/respectability. Relieve International Pity. Ltd. – Action Plan 2011-16) . 1 am the one of big fans of Curlicue . Every time I got their product packing box , I can see the end of the box said ‘This carton contains 80% recycled fiber and 20% sustainable sourced fiber . Please recycle . ‘ And it can be found n their formal website : commitment about their animal testing . They continue to adhere to the strict requirements of global cosmetic regulations regarding animal testing, with utmost respect for our customers and environment. Without any doubt , Curlicue always follow the production concept and marketing concept. Nestled in the Adelaide Hills is the magnificent patronymic Curlicue Farm where many of the herbs, flowers and plants are grown for our natural skin care products. Curlicue is one of the world’s most recognized skin care brands and is renowned for using the best in organic and patronymic ingredients to deliver quality skin care products. Reliquary web site ) 3. Core marketing strategy to achieve objective Curlicue offers pure and harmless products with good price. They impress the customer with the good quality and fresh fragrance. SOOT analysis : Strengths -Own organic farmland , nature ingredients , harmless to skin . Their supply chain expanded to America , Asian . Good reputation due to their environment protect . Weaknesses -Lack of creativity , lack of sale promotion activity Opportunity-More and ore customers and realize the important of nature product. Threats- With customers’ realization of important of nature production , more pretenders are using 1 . Make the consumers add the whole bunch of reliance credits in our brand equity account. 2. Trying to generate the new demands in existing market and get more market shares in this niche market. 3. Increasing the wide acceptance of our brand. Relieve 2012) Based on the marketing objectives and SOOT analysis , Curlicue need to make strategy to increasing their Brand effect . How to cite Organization marketing concept, Papers

Private Institutes Should Be Banned free essay sample

Furthermore, consequences could be devastating for the future of individual and perhaps for the whole nation. On the other hand, there will be huge positive impact on the way our Government Schools work if the private institutions are banned. Once government institutions realize their problems and shortcomings, quality of teaching and code of practice will improve. As the code for conduct improve in the Government institutions, their way of teaching will be more pragmatic. Also there will definitely be profits from schools which will go in Government Treasury once the private institutes are banned; hence the school conditions will improve. These schools will then retrospect the multi-religious culture and will teach students to be respectful towards other religions. Parents will definitely benefit from this decision by paying less tuition fees in Government institutions as compared to private institutions. Furthermore, there will be sense of equality between students and there will be exhibit of nor rich or poor in schools. We will write a custom essay sample on Private Institutes Should Be Banned or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Absence of private schools may become a source of anguish in middle and high income people. It may be misunderstood as a loss in freedom of choice as Government has taken the right of choice form parents for their children education. Some of the children who need special education or attention need private education. For instance, people with disabilities will be cared more in private institutions for their needs as compared with Government Institutions. Similarly, blind or deaf students also need special attention and care which in my option is impossible to provide in Government institutions. In nutshell, I would like to assert the importance of private institutes in our community. Private institutions cater needs for all type of students. They always change their teaching styles and skills in accord to the demand of students, providing them with high stands of education. So I strongly feel that private education should not be banned.

Nature of Landmines

Comedy essays

Comedy essays A world without comedy would be similar to a butter knife, it's dull, useless, and achieves very little. The world would be littered with rude, arrogant, obnoxious people creating an anti-utopia. Comedy keep the world in motion, it allows people to shrug off rude comments, laugh at one another, and it creates a casual enviroment. There are many types of comedy, irony, satire, sarcasm etc. All are used in The Webster's dictionary defines comedy as "Drama dealing with the lighter side of life, ending happily, or treating the subject humorously." There are many different definitions for comedy, but all are closely related in saying that the outcome will be happy or comical. Comical stories are easy to read, they usually have a fantasy world setting, few main characters which makes the plot easy to follow and the stories can be related to real life. Comedy creates the illusion that things will get better, however, comedy gets better by making the situation worse. In the short story "The Greatest Man in the World" The main character, Pal Smurch, made a record for flying around the world. His achievement was great but his manners and attitude were uncivil. A rude egocentric man could not hold such a record. Society wouldn't permit it. To make things better, they pushed him out a window. Only in comedy could you kill someone to make things better and The comic view of life is essentially a long-term view. The ideas of destruction and death limit the tragic view. But comedy takes death and changes it. It may be the end of an individual life, but it fits into the larger scheme and the human race continues to live on. In the world of comedy nothing is bad, nothing is taken seriously and everyone wins in the end. Comedy is a literary form that deals with the adventures of a human society in ...

Interactions of The Laws of Demand and Supply in the Personal Computer Essay

Interactions of The Laws of Demand and Supply in the Personal Computer Market - Essay Example This rising demand has led to the fall in prices of the computers. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors that have led to the fall in prices of computers. This would help in understanding the theories of economics related to market demand-supply and undertake an analysis to find the application of the underlying theories of economics in practical conditions of the market. The study would help to provide an insight of the impacts of changing market condition on the prices of the products. The effects of the increase in demand of the computers on its prices in the market could be explained by relating the actual market scenario with the concepts of economic theories. The study also helps us to understand the effects of changing behavior of the market with the help of supporting data and diagrams. Analysis In economics theory, the demand and supply of a product plays an important role in determining the price of the product. The fall in prices of the computer is also att ributed to a change in the demand of the computers. The price of computers would vary until the market reaches a point of equilibrium where the demand of computers is equal to the supply of computers (Carbaugh, 2011, p.11). Since the prices underwent a change with respect to the change in demand and supply of computers, the product is said to be elastic. The increase in demand of the computers in the market can be attributed to factors like increase in the number of population, change in preference, taste and level of livelihood, and finally increase in income levels of the people. More people started to afford computers which led to increase in demand of the computers. A statistical analysis given below shows that the number of computers... This paper offers a thorough analysis of the recent tendencies on the personal computer market, which are determined by interactions of the underlying economic laws. The objective of this study is to analyze the factors that have led to the fall in prices of computers. The distribution and cost of goods in a free market are based solely upon the demand and supply of the products. The distribution and cost of goods in a free market are based solely upon the demand and supply of the products. The analysis conducted helps in understanding the theories of economics related to market demand-supply. The application of the underlying theories of economics in practical conditions of the market is considered. The study provides an insight of the impacts of changing market condition on the prices of the products. The effects of the increase in demand of the computers on its prices in the market could be explained by relating the actual market scenario with the concepts of economic theories. The demand of computers increased over time due to several factors. The rise in demand of computers would cause rightward shift of the demand curve leading to rise in the quantity demanded and rise in prices of computer. In order to maintain the position of equilibrium, the supply levels to the market also increased. As a result of increased supply, the supply curve would shift rightward leading to rise in the level of quantity supplied and a reduction of level of prices of computer. The quantity available increased leads to fall in prices.

HRM and Culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM and Culture - Research Paper Example The issue of gender balance at the corporate level is still problematic and one that reflects the social dynamics that surround corporate or market environment. As one tends towards mature democracies, gains that have been made in this effort become more palpable. The reverse is also true with maturing democracies and developing economies such as South Korea. In South Korea, corporate gender balance has been still hard to come by, with very little progress having been made as late as 2005. In South Korea, leading organisations that excel in key sectors such as the telecommunication industry still have corporate leaders who fallaciously think that extending women employment opportunities can undercut organisational development. While this untrue standpoint may simply be dismissed as a sexist myth, the gravity of this standpoint is that it denies the corporate life, collective approach and plurality of views, and thereby subjecting an economy that practices it to underperformance. This may be seen in South Korea and the life and practices of leading organisations therein, such as SK Holdings. ... It is possible that this bias towards women in the recruitment of personnel was not so much caused by unequal gender business strategies than the society’s gender bias. Because of the society’s gender bias towards women, SK’s might have imperceptibly maintained the culture of hiring more men than women. Conversely, it is also possible that SK’s HRM practice (of not hiring women) may have been deliberate and can therefore be regarded as part of the company’s organisational or business strategy. This may be the case, since in the details preceding the case, one of the senior managers of SK Holdings had confessed of having eschewed employing women simply because he believed that women lacked tenacity. He divulged on his belief to the effect that when deadlines are tight and many people are thus required to work overtime, women may not be as reliable as men. It is therefore plausible that SK’s HRM practice of sticking to men may have been a delib erate business strategy, as an artifice to keep organisational production optimal and to meet strict deadlines. 2. How Hiring More Women and Promoting Them Could Improve the Competitive Advantage of This Company A myriad of competitive advantages characterises the hiring and promotion of women. One of the advantages that come with the recruitment and promotion of women has to do with the entrenchment of plurality of ideas in the company’s efforts. It is a fact that women and men think and see things from different perspectives and angles. This means that incorporating women into SK’s workforce is bound to help the organisation come up with more efficient and strategic policies and frameworks. This is well seen in the case of

Importance of Community Health Workers

Importance of Community Health Workers DEFINING THE PROBLEM Community Health Workers have been used in several countries dating back about 60 years ago, to address the gap experienced by the underserved members of these communities, with issues of access to health care. More importantly in Low and middle-income countries, Community Health Workers have particularly been helpful in reducing the impact of the shortage of skilled health workers. Community Health Workers can make valuable contributions to healthcare especially in the delivery of basic health care; however, across countries and individual programs there are varying and inconsistently established approaches on how they are recruited, trained, monitored, incentivized, as well as the roles and activities they perform. The lack of a standard structure globally and in CMMB countries creates several divisions of Community Health Workers, which may lead to poor monitoring, increased attrition, poor planning, budgeting and sustainable financing. The Effect on Women and Children Several programs have reported a high attrition rate which has led to the breakdown of the programs and is mostly due to problems with how these Programmes are structured or maintained. The initial purpose for which the CHW was set up was to link the communities with the formal health system, if the system fails, the underserved especially the vulnerable populations (women and children), in absence of quality health care are at risk of poorer health outcomes. BACKGROUND. Community health workers are adjunct health workers with a myriad of appellations across countries. According to WHO, they should be members of the community, selected by the community, trained and work within the community, answerable to the community, they should be supported by the health system but not necessary being a part of it, and have a shorter course of training than other professional workers. Although they function more at the peripheral of the health system, and their duties widely vary across countries and programs, their roles in the delivery of basic health care can not be overemphasized. In some countries, they also perform the role of record keeping. Over the years, the use of CHWs has gained prominence, with several countries adopting the trend to mitigate the growing proportion of infectious diseases and a shortage of health workers, migrating for green pasture, however, not all CHW programs follow the WHOs definition of CHW. In CMMB countries, the approach is also different across the in the individual countries. RECRUITMENT, TRAINING, AND INCENTIVES In Peru, the Ministry of health has specific regulations on how the CHWs program should be structured. CHWs in Peru are usually volunteers, they could receive incentives but they do not have contracts or salaries. They are appointed by the community organization at the general assembly or the social grassroots organization to which the community health agent belongs. There is variation in the duration of training the CHWs to receive in Peru. In South Sudan, there are no specific regulations in terms of services, CHW could receive incentives and could also be employed. They are trained in Basic health care service for 6 months whereas, in Zambia, the Implementing partners have different policies for training, recruitment, remuneration, and incentives for CHWs. Programs funded and managed by implementing partners are typically on contracts of two-to-five year but their remuneration and incentives vary across programs. The training also varies between 2-11 weeks depending on if it is af filiated with government health facility or an NGO and the Ministry of healths CHW handbook, 2005 is used as a guideline. ROLES AND ACTIVITIES Several kinds of literature have grouped the CHWs as being either generalist or specialist in the way they are trained or work. Generalist perform a wide range of functions while the specialist has a program specific focus. In the CMMB countries, the CHWs are more generalist than they are a specialist or obscured in between. They are generally involved in implementing promotive and preventive health activities especially in providing family planning and immunization. In south Sudan, CHWs perform addition roles of supporting primary health care units as health staff to clerk patients and also work in the pharmacy. They follow up pregnant women receiving ART while in Zambia, CHWS, also provide basic curative services and refer cases if complicated, they performfollow-up care including home visits for patients with TB, AIDS, pregnant and postnatal mothers, tracing for malnourished children. Most literature about CHWs and what they do, agree that they are important in improving access to care especially in areas where they are most needed. However, it is important to consider the local context where the CHW program will operate(culture, language, social norms, and values etc.) for the program to excel. The mode of selection of the CHWs, duration of training as well as the roles the CHWs would be performing should also be considered and possibly be unified across programs. In order to extrinsically motivate CHWs, it is important to also Incentivize them and a mechanism for monitoring and evaluating their activities would help assess problems in the program and health care delivery. APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGIES In order to encourage behavioral change and improve the quality of health care using CHWs, CMMB will be focusing on theses 3 approaches which have been applied in public health and have improved health outcomes: Positive deviance approach, Integrated community case management approach and make me a change agent approach. Positive Deviance: This is an approach based on the belief that unusual behavioral practices in communities among few members of the community who are called the positive deviants, help them find a better solution to problems and improve their outcomes compared other members of the same community that share similar exposures and resources, but poorer outcomes. The positive deviance is based on the principles that: (Pascale, Sternin, Sternin ,2010) Communities possess the solutions and expertise to solve their own problems. Communities are self-organizing and possess the human resources with necessary assets to solve community problems. communities have a Collective intelligence which is evenly distributed and is not dependent on the leadership of a community alone or in external experts.This collective intelligence is what the approach aim to draw out and capitalize on to solve community problems. The bedrock of the approach is sustainability. The community is encouraged to observe and develop sustainable solutions based on observed positive deviants within the community. Practicing encourages behavior change. This approach has been used successfully in communities in the management of malnutrition and has contributed immensely to reducing the burden of malnutrition in communities where it is being practiced. The community health and families after an observation made by a positive deviant inquiry, practice better ways to cook their food with a particular interest in quality, feeding, and hygiene when managing malnourished children using local resources and technologies. It is a proactive measure; harnessing the strength, knowledge, human resources locally available within the community to solve their community health problems. This approach ensures fast, sustainable, affordable, culturally acceptable solutions to solve community health problems and it also encourages local participation. Integrated community case management: This approach was adopted by WHO and UNICEF. The ICCM has been piloted in many underserved countries, where there is a major gap in access to care. The aim is to bring health care closer to the doorstep of these population and strategically increasing coverage of treatment using Community health workers who are appropriately trained, supervised and monitored. The CHWs are adequately supported with medical supplies. They are trained to identify, promptly and correctly manage or refer cases of common community diseases like malaria, pneumonia, diarrhea and malnutrition in children under 5 years. ICCM uses interventions that are evidence based and it focuses on diagnosis, the community health workers are trained to make a quick diagnosis using portable diagnostic tools and appropriate treatment. common interventions used are antibiotics for dysentery and pneumonia, ORT for diarrheal diseases, antimalaria for malaria, nutritional rehabilitation for malnutrition. The approach employs the use of CHWs who are members of the community and perform their duties either from their homes or selected community building, which is easily accessible to members of the community. Using CHWs from the community encourages trust and sustainability. Make me a change agent: To effectively improve the quality of health by encouraging behavior change, this approach which is used multi-sectorally will help the CHWs to become an effective change agent by developing their skills of effective communication, showing empathy, individual counseling. It also teaches the approach of using their individual testimonies and storytelling ability to encourage health behavioral change. CHWs after acquiring skills from health training, have to effectively communicate their training to the community which is critically important in encouraging the patient to adhere to treatment and adopt preventive health behaviors. The CHWs are engaged in several activities that include role playing to help them understand the importance of respecting patient, good communication, active listening during conversations. There are several barriers that mitigate against behavioral change, the ability to circumvent these barriers would help the CHWs reach their target population and help them make them make the right behavior change. In order to effectively do this, the CHWs needs to be able to put themselves in the perspective of their audience, sharing their experiences which help foster a personal relationship and makes the change easier to communicate. The approach also emphasizes the importance of storytelling and the use of individual testimonies to promote a particular health behavior by changing preformed misperceptions about the particular health behavior. The testimonials offer the audience the chance to appreciate changes made by someone else who is not different from them, who has had a positive result. These approach as a skill for encouraging behavioral change is easily remembered, the audience can relate to the story and have a pictural understanding of what the change is about. Moreso, it can be a source of external motivation to encourage change. INTERVENTIONS: The growing adoption of community health workers as part of the health system as a means to reach the underserved communities is met with the need to understand how to implement a sustainable CHW program in different countries across different programs. As field workers in underserved communities, we would also be employing the services of the CHWs in executing our goals. An effective process for managing (recruitment, training, supervision and support, Incentives) community health workers will help sustain the program. RECRUITMENT: Recruiting community health workers is dependent on the proposed health need they are supposed to meet. Some ministries of health have an established protocol for recruiting health workers. It is important to note that to sustain the program, several papers as well as WHO has suggested that community health workers should be selected by and from the community they are to work in. However, the primary criteria in selecting CHWs is that they should be members of the community they serve. This to harness the establish connections within the individual members of the community and the individual interest of the health worker towards the community. The recruitment process may require the use of different social structures or organization within the communities like the clinics, community-based organizations e.g market women association, religious organizations, the ruling council, other CHWs etc. as sources of referral for the appointment of community members into several CHWs position. Recruitment should be formal, individuals should follow a process of recommendation, interview, and screening. General characteristics of CHWs vary across countries and programs. Literacy is an important criterion for recruiting a CHW. Although not all programs require their CHWs to have any form of education, most programs require a primary level of education while some require a higher level of education. The least literacy level should be required; however, the higher the level of education the more preferable the CHW. The gender of the CHW should meet the cultural norm especially in places where there are limited interactions between males and females. The age of CHWs differ across programs but ranges from 20 45years. Finally, marriage status is an encouraging criterion for selection. CHWs with a married status are more likely to remain in the society for a longer period of time than those that are single. TRAINING The Success and quality of a CHWs program also depend on the process of training and continuous assessment of training. Training program varies across programs which depend on the length, depth, element, approach and authority. In some countries, a manual for training of CHWs have been developed; where necessary, it should be employed. The length of training varies across programs and it is based on the services the community health worker would be rendering. It could be from days to weeks to years; however, it is important to space the training so that the CHW can have time in between training to have an in-depth review of the material. A process of a continuous training after the initial training can help improve the performance of CHWs through supervision and adding additional knowledge to the CHW. The use of an interactive, skilled based setting that encourages participation should be employed as a style for training considering the varying educational background among the CHWs. The training material could be categorized into three major topics: skilled- based knowledge, relevant health knowledge, and research implementation knowledge. Training authority may vary, although WHO prefers the government of the countries to be involved in the training but more experienced CHWs, nurses and doctors can be part of the training team. SUPERVISION AND SUPPORT Long term sustainability of health programs involves active supervision and mentorship of the CHWs.The supervisors also provide support to CHWs. In most cases, the supervisor will be provided by the programs main authority. They are usually of different professional backgrounds but have an understanding of the program, the roles of the CHWs and the aim of the program. They evaluate the performance of the CHWs, define their roles and expectations and also answer questions raised by the CHWs. The frequency of supervision which is variable across programs depends on the target goal of the program, the available funds e.tc. Supervision as a general term could be practice in different styles and approaches. Group supervision involves a group of CHWs with a supervisor and has been implemented in many programs. Community supervision is another approach for CHWs. The innovative approach involves communitys participation by providing feedback and guidance to CHWs and their supervisors. Other methods that can be used are the peer supervision, clinical mentoring and mobile electronic devices. It is also important to note that the supervisors also needs to be actively supported by the programs main authority by providing material support e.g medical supplies, transportation etc. supporting the supervisors will help them perform their functions regularly. INCENTIVES The incentives for CHWs is one of the most controversial topics but it plays a significant role as it has been shown to be associated with CHWs performance, motivation and retention. many studies have debated on how compensations should be structured for the most effective way to incentivize CHWs. There are two categories of CHWs: the Volunteers and Full-time employees. Some countries have a process for how the community health workers should be paid based on the type of appointment and who employs them. CHWs employed by the government on a full-time basis are on paid salaries while most, especially the volunteers are given either monetary or non-monetary incentive; however, it is important to recognize that an opportunity for career advancement in this field can be an incentive. Full-time CHWS are comparatively rare to the part-time CHWs because of the financial implication on programs. A small amount of incentive is more commonly implemented in community-based programs. common monetary incentives are small monetary compensation for their time and transportation subsidies. How much monetary incentive is enough is unknown but it is important to give the CHWs some monetary incentives. The non-monetary incentive is also common. CHWs could get meals during training, bicycles for transportation, umbrellas etc. like the monetary incentive, there are no rules on how the authorities should incentivize their CHWs, or what item will effectively attract CHWs and motivate them. ROLES AND ACTIVITIES IN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH The CHWs globally have been very effective in improving maternal and child health as well as reducing mortality especially in low-income countries. Their function varies across countries and programs; while in some countries, it is just preventive, in others it also involves diagnosis and treatment. The table below highlights how and areas where CHWs can work effectively to promote maternal and child health. PREVENTION DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT OBSTETRIC CARE Anemia *Nutrition Supplement, *Routine Haematinics Nutrition Supplement HIV *HIV Counseling *Distribution of condom Routine Followup on PMTCT Malaria *Distribution of Insecticide-treated net *Prevent therapy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine Rapid Diagnostic kit Antimalaria Obstetric Care Routine Tetanus toxiod Routine ANC Visit Post partum care PPH *Breast feeding counselling *Distribution of misoprostol at home births. GYNAECOLOGICAL CARE Family planning *Use of contraceptive PEDIATRIC CARE Diarrhea *Health education on handwashing, food preparation and packaging ORS Zinc supplement Malaria *Distribution of Insecticide-treated net Rapid Diagnostic kit Anitmalaria Antipyretics Pneumonia Antibiotics Malnutrition *Breast feeding Education *Growth monitoring Nutrition supplement Routine Immunization of Children INFECTIOUS DISEASES Tuberculosis Direct observation of tuberculosis treatment CHWs roles and activites are not limited to the above, there are also actively involved in diseases surveillance, home visits, record keeping, community health education, monitoring people with chronic diseases e.g hypertension , diabeties. INTEGRATION INTO CMMB PROJECTS AND PROGRAMS References: Pascale, Sternin, Sternin. (2010) The Power of Positive Deviance: How Unlikely Innovators Solve the Worlds Toughest Problems. Harvard Business Press. Print.

Human societ

The human society is a very complicated structure. It consists of a huge quantity of members, each of them with their own thoughts, emotions and experiences. The notion of â€Å"society† unifies all those members and therefore, they must correspond to the standards of that society. They have to elaborate some special mode of living, thinking, behaviour in order to be like other. â€Å"Being like all† – that’s the main motto of human society of all times. Within the complex structure of society one can be happy and rich, other unhappy and poor but everyone tries to be like the rest.But it is well known that each rule can have its exceptions. So, the human society has. There are people who are not able to find their place in the society. Each of them has his own reasons. One just doesn’t want to be like all, the other just can’t behaviour like people around him and so on. In the world literature the notion of the â€Å"outsider† has been rather often discussed. Among these discussions the view of â€Å"outsider† by Thomas Mann and Albert Camus are one of the most interesting. Tonio Kroeger in the novel of the same name by T. Mann is rather a typical outsider. So, what made him to be so?Surely, he is an artist and the real artist is always a little bit different from the crowd. But there are many talented artists which are not outsiders at all in their real life. Tonio is a lonely artist. These two words- â€Å"lonely artist† are able to explain the Kroeger’s problem. The first word is â€Å"lonely† and the second is â€Å"artist†. The â€Å"lonely† is the reason and the â€Å"artist† is the consequence. Kroeger has become an artist because he was lonely and couldn’t find himself in this life. All he can do is creating art describing the reality around him but he is not able to live in this reality.He realizes that his inability and suffers a lot because of tha t. Some of the events of this story must be perceived in symbolic manner because of Kroeger’s difficulties in being like other. His homosexual sympathy to Hans Hansen hasn’t to be understood as just a physical sexual expression. This sympathy symbolizes the Kroeger’s aspiration for prestige bourgeois life as Hans was the bright representative of same. Kroeger couldn’t find himself in this bourgeois life but was eager of living like his â€Å"ordinary† contemporaries. That’s why Hans attracted him. Kroeger lived in constant paradox within him.His heart was the heart of an artist but in his veins the bourgeois blood was flowing. He wanted to be as easygoing and careless as his friends but he couldn’t be so because his mind was depressed all the time by the events of the life around him and he could only describe them in his art. That was the main reason of Kroegen’s being the outsider. The main thing Kroeger had to learn during h is life was that probably his outstanding skills as an artist were conditioned by his withdrawing from the ordinary life. In other words, if he had been an ordinary bourgeois personality he wouldn’t have been a gifted artist.The main reason of his unhappiness was that he didn’t want to understand that simple thing: it is not possible to connect things which can not be connected – the commonplace satisfied life and the delicate, sensitive vision of the artist. Should Kroegen understand that in time, the life would be much easier for him. But he understood that later. Perhaps, that’s the fate of each real talent – to pass through many difficulties in order to find oneself in the art. The ordinary always remains to be ordinary. It is not worth to follow it.We must follow things that we have skills for and there always will be place for the ordinary in our life – it will come into our lives by itself. But if talented person tries to overtake the ordinary or to live between the ordinary and the exalted he or she is doomed to unhappiness and misfortune. Precisely that started to happen with Tonio Kroeger. When he understood that it is not possible to find compromise between â€Å"the Dionysian† (all the passionate and emotional) and â€Å"the Apollonian† (rational and reasonable) he decided to combine them in his art and that was the unique correct decision for him.Albert Camus in his â€Å"Stranger† gives us the other notion of outsider. Meursault – a man of absurd in the world of absurd, – that’s the Camus’ vision of the problem in case. When after the first sentence of the novel -â€Å"Maman died today† follow the indifferent meditations of the protagonist regarding when died his mother – today or yesterday, we understand the Meursault is completely indifferent to the notions of time, place and many other phenomena of our real world. All along the novel new ar guments prove that. Meursault lives being ruled by purely physical instincts.His life consists of a number of patterns (ways of behaviour) which he uses every day. For example, he becomes sad because Sunday came and broke the customary way of his everyday life. The heat produced by the sun when he goes back from the funeral of his mother worries him more than the very death of his mother. In other words the Meursault activities look completely paradoxical for other people, but not paradoxically for him. Camus presents in his hero his understanding of life in general and of truth in particular. To say more, Meursault believes sincerely in justice and truth.But he has his own notion of that â€Å"truth†. Yes, he doesn’t cry at his mother’s funeral. But on the other hand he never says lies. He doesn’t see any sense in acting like the rest of people. He just shows his own true emotions or indifference in each particular moment of his life. He is independent i n the full meaning of this word. He doesn’t believe in God, he lives by his own motives. Society tries to find some meaning in his behaviour but all in vain. It is not possible to find sense in absurd. Otherwise, it will not be absurd any more. Thus, Meursault embodies the Camus’ notion of so-called â€Å"relative truth†.That is not all society’s truth but the truth of one person. Yes, he guns down the Arab but he believes in justice and doesn’t try to avoid it. Certainly, it sounds terribly but that is Camus’ absurd vision of the truth. On the one hand Meursault’s activities are horrible as that his â€Å"relative truth† makes a lot of harm to other people but on the other hand he is not eager of making harm to anyone, he never lies, he is just living his own life which is right to his opinion. This difference between Meursault’s truth and society’s truth makes Meursault to be the outsider.He can’t underst and the sense of the society’s existence (to say it more exactly – he doesn’t even want to understand it as it is not important for him) and the society, in its turn, can’t find out any meanings in the mode of Meursault’s life. Nevertheless, Meursault has learnt his lesson towards the end of the story. When we see him sentenced to death it is already possible to speak about â€Å"new† Meursault. It doesn’t mean that he has completely changed his moral perception. He still doesn’t believe in God and is sure that after death there is nothing but non-existence.But he started using his memory what he has never done before. He remembers his father and understands all the â€Å"advantages† of human memory. He had never resorted to his memories and lived only following his physical impulses. When being in prison he understood how good it can be – to remember something that has happened once. Meursault starts to distingui sh the past and the future. His imagination and feelings work like they never did before. He realizes that both imagination and feelings (spiritual, not physical feelings) are rather useful in regular life.Only in prison he begins to perceive each new day like a gift (as there were few left before his death penalty) without classifying them in days which are good and in days which break his customary way of life. In other words he began to understand that his life was not as correct as it seemed to him before. But he started to understand that too late when his life was going to be cut by those who haven’t managed to find some meaning in his life. Both Tonio Kroeger and Meursault realized the mistakes of their existence.Kroeger understood that he was unable to learn living like other people because the problem which was, by the way, created by himself was already too significant and complex for him and he had to find some area in which he could get rid of that immense moral t ension. That area became his art for him. Meursault couldn’t change his life because he was already sentenced to death for the actions of his previous egoistic â€Å"self-life†. These two protagonists are similar in this respect as they both realized the necessity to change their lives. Nevertheless, there is a clear difference in â€Å"being outsider† between Kroeger and Meursault.Kroeger was a brightly expressed outsider as he couldn’t find himself in his society and that was hurting him a lot. He really was out of society’s side. He crossed successfully with the society within his professional skills only when he was describing that society in his works. As to the commonplace reality- he was an unhappy man. Meursault, contrary to Kroegen, represents another type of outsider: â€Å"outsider within society†. Meursault was the member of society and that’s why society was astonished by his behaviour. He was a stranger within society an d that made his activities paradoxical.Kroeger experienced pain because he was outsider and the society didn’t care a lot about it. Meursault didn’t suffer a lot because of being outsider – but society suffered because of his activities. Speaking about the outcomes made by each of these two protagonists it is necessary to say that Kroeger’s conclusion was more successful than Meursault’s. Kreoger found the decision of his problem in his art and Meursault had not already time for the correction of his mistakes as he realized them under the threat of guillotine. Being outsider means to not coincide with the public’s opinions and norms of life.T. Mann and Albert Camus showed us that the notion of the outsider is poly-semantic. Tonio Kreoger and the stranger Meursault are both outsiders but each in his proper manner. Kroeger is an â€Å"outer outsider† (he wants to be within the society being like all) and Meursault is an â€Å"inner out sider† (he doesn’t feel himself to be outsider but the society consider him to be so). Regarding Mann’s story it would be helpful to conclude that it is not worth to follow the common opinion and try to be like all. The most important thing is to preserve the skills and the lofty given to you by the nature.As to the Camus’ novel, it is possible to learn from it that being honest only for oneself is not enough, it is also necessary to thing about the society you live in and that one’s notions of truth are not always common for all. The society was created by people precisely in order to find the compromise between different people’s opinions. Both Kroeger and Meursault have become outsiders by themselves. The conclusions they have made from their mistakes are rather consoling. So, hope that Mann and Camus’ novels will serve as good examples for many for not being an outsider in the future.

Characters are similar throughout books Essay

Henrik Ibsen’s characters are similar throughout his books. There are pairs of characters with similarities in A Doll’s House and Ghosts. One such pair is Nora and Mrs. Alving.  Both characters were unhappily married, but had other significant men in their lives. Manders and Dr. Rank both appeared as good friends to the women. This is a similarity, but with the difference that Nora rejected one and Mrs. Alving was rejected by the other. These men helped the women through their problems however and they would do anything for them. â€Å"To have loved you as much as any one else does? Was that horrid?† (A Doll’s House, Act II, p. 40) Dr. Rank tells Nora. He is expressing that he has loved her the whole time that she thought they were just best friends.  Mrs. Alving ran away from her husband in their first year of marriage and went to Manders. She had been in love with him, but he respected the sanctity of marriage so had to turn her away. â€Å"That I was able to turn you from your outrageous intention, and that it was vouchsafed to me to succeed in leading you back into the path of duty and back to your lawful husband.† (Ghosts, Act I, p. 89)  Nora and Mrs. Alving both have children that they love very much. Nora is talking to Mrs. Linde, an old friend, when she brings up the topic of her children, â€Å"So you are quite alone. How dreadfully sad that must be. I have three lovely children.† (A Doll’s House, Act I, p. 8) Nora often brings up the topic of her children when talking, because she loves them so much and wants to tell the whole world about them. Mrs. Alving loved her son Oswald so much that she sent him away, even though it would be very painful for her, so that he wouldn’t become like his father. â€Å"It was then that Oswald was sent away. He was about seven then, and was beginning to notice things and ask questions as children will†¦ It seemed to me that the child would be poisoned if he breathed the air of this polluted house. That was why I sent him away.† (Ghosts, Act I, p. 93) She rationalizes her decision. Mrs. Alving and Nora prove that they love their children through their actions in the plays, which are often similar.  As much as Ibsen deliberately made his characters similar, he also made what happens to them different. At the end of A Doll’s House, Nora ends being the victor. She leaves her husband because it is what she wants and she knows how to get it. â€Å"Oh, Torvald, I don’t believe any longer in wonderful things happening†¦ That our life together would be a real wedlock. Good-bye.† (A Doll’s House, Act III, p. 68) With this, she leaves her house and the man she was in a loveless marriage with. Mrs. Alving does not have the same fortune as Nora. At the end of Ghosts, her beloved son is left in a vegetative state and she is left to despair over it.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oswald! What is the matter with you! Oswald! Oswald! Look at me! Don’t you know me!†¦ I can’t bear it! Never!† (Ghosts, Act III, p. 128) A main difference in Mrs. Alving and Nora’s attitudes is that Nora left her husband when she couldn’t take it any more and Mrs. Alving waited for hers to die.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Listen, Torvald. I have heard that when a wife deserts her husband’s house, as I am doing now, he is legally freed from all obligations towards her.† (A Doll’s House, Act III, p. 67) Nora tells him. This shows that she is a stronger character than Mrs. Alving, because she actually stood up to her husband and told him that his behavior was unacceptable. â€Å"I had my little boy, and endured it for his sake†¦ I took the upper hand in the house absolutely – both with him and all the others. I had a weapon to use against him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ghosts, Act I, p. 92-93) Mrs. Alving shows that she took the easy way out. She could have stood up to Mr. Alving and taken her son and left, but instead she chose to go along with it, just standing in his shadow and quietly telling him that she was unhappy. The similarities that come out in the characters of Mrs. Alving and Nora are always mixed in with other situations that make them different. Ibsen wanted to prove to his audience that it wasn’t always healthy to be in a marriage and by doing this he went against the norms of society. Neither play has a so-called ‘happy ending’, because not all the characters have had their issues resolved by the end. The two plays show the different angles that he wanted the audience to be aware of, but their endings repeat a point for clarity.

Inventions During The Period Of War - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 789 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: War Essay World War 1 Essay Did you like this example? In my paper I will be discussing the many inventions, weaponry, tools that were being released during that period of war. Many new weapons were being pushed out and provided for us to use against our enemies. One of the biggest inventions of the early 1900s was the tank, during this time it was a war of trenches filled with machine guns spraying down men before they could even make it past the no mans land the solution to that problem was a heavily armored vehicle with heavy weapons attached and wheels fitted for the rough terrain. The first tank manufactured was the British mark 1 , the French followed with their own version of the tank Renault ft. which had the class look with the turret on top as the weapon. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Inventions During The Period Of War" essay for you Create order The Germans established the first flamethrower in 1901 produced by Richard Fiedler. It was a weapon of mass destruction at the time as it could do very lethal damage from close to mid-range distance of contact. Very useful to flush out a trench of enemies as it could burn them alive. Although during medieval times there was weapons that hurled flames to inflict damage none compared to the modern produced flamethrower. Machine guns were produced during this time, its predecessor before was the famous and most used Gatling gun at the time, looking like a cannon and weighed about as much as it. The portability and power made it a heavily used weapon in our arsenals as it packed a very big punch. During the war fighting at night was very complicated because there was no way to see which way you were shooting so how would you know you hit or made the kill if you cant even see what youre shooting at? The invention of the tracer bullet came into play, it emitted a phosphorescent trail with every round shot hence the name tracer the first attempt was somewhat successful only limiting it to 100 meters. The second was a hit, leaving a bright green-white trail with every round shot. German U-boats killed many civilians and sailors and sank millions of tons of cargo. We needed a way to fight off the submerged weapons and our solution was the depth charge, an underwater bomb thats charges were set to go off at a certain depth. The first idea was brought in 1913. The first charge made named Type D produced by Royal Navy and mine school in 1916. The first German boat was sunken by depth charge U-68 on March 22,1916. Although poison gas only contributed to a small portion of deaths during the war it did much more then thought, just the phycological damage it did made it a devastating weapon to an extent. The first gas tear inducing irritants rather than fatal effects. The first use of a fatal gas was made possible by German military using chlorine to cause a death by asphyxiation suffocation. A very useful weapon against enemy trenches as it could inflict harm throughout the trench flushing out whoever is in there. Early 1900s, men all around are suffering gruesome, fatal life threating injuries and we needed a way to see what was going on with our soldiers, Marie Curie was working to mobilize the x-ray machine, so it would be easier to look at the medical diagnostics and by 1914 she had installed many in trucks and cars making it very simple to see what injuries our men were dealing with. During a time of advancements in many forms, technology wasnt far behind from where we are now. Pilotless drones were developed for the us navy in 1916 by two men, Elmer Sperry and Peter Hewett originally meant to be an unmanned bomb. Too far ahead for its time as it was called imprecise, the navy lost interest in the project in the mid 1920s. Many advancements were made, and some were too slow to adapt to this new age of technology sweeping across the world before our eyes. At this time weapons of fatal destruction were being produced like never before, deadlier then we have ever seen them, and it was a scary sight to see as it made it close to impossible to win a battle on the western front. Tanks were a very huge part and maybe the greatest and most useful during that time as it solved the problem of men dying in numbers just trying to get across no mans land as they worked effectively through the rough terrain, it was armor for you and a mobile arsenal at your disposal making it a hell of a rough thing to overcome. We made great advances in weaponry and other technological things and it proved how great we were as a nation.